Education Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo Freire Essay

The process of moving toward and creating a more just and humane would have to begin with education. However, it also seems that creating a just future would also necessitate the creation of many different systems of government throughout the world. If just one system existed, anyone who would not choose that system for themselves may begin to feel or actually be oppressed for a lack of conformity. Furthermore, some people just have such vastly different ideas of ‘just’ and ‘justice’ that they cannot be combined into one system. Thus, through a sort of dialogical education system, people can discover which system they most support and why before choosing where to live. Theorists, like Iris Marion Young, want political systems to accept†¦show more content†¦The original Social Contract tradition has had many authors, but for the purposes of this paper I will focus on John Locke’s work as one political system that might be used by a nation and the problems it entails that would have to be discussed for modern uses. Locke begins by describing a state of nature that entails equality and a state of perfect freedom for mankind to live as they want within the laws of nature (Locke 2009, 370). Locke’s work argues for his view of property, where a man has the right to the fruits of his labor but not to another man’s (Locke 2009, 372). In his view, the government is meant to prevent on man from seeking punishment that is unfit for the committed crime and that people join together for protection for themselves and their property (Locke 2009, 371-372). He argues also that no one man should be in charge and that a democracy should be used instead (Locke 2009, 371). The major problem associated with Locke’s account of a just system is the qualifications for citizenship. From his time period it would likely exclude everyone who was not a white, land owning male. For people who would like to use his idea of a polit ical system today, they would need to include everyone in the democracy, no matter their race or economic status, as it has been legally adopted in many countries today. Furthermore, people would need to contend with the premise of Natural Law as defined byShow MoreRelatedPaulo Freire: Pedagogue Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, many men and women have made important contributions to the world of education. Amongst these is the Brazilian scholar Paulo Freire, whose influences on the world have been both broad and deep. A true believer in Marxist theory, his central ideas regarding education revolve around the concept that the experience and learning process of education are more important than the facts or concepts that are being taught. Consequently, traditional teaching methods (known as Banking)Read MoreThe Liberal Education And Education Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagessubject and teacher s methods of education decide which method students will receive. Howe ver, the student does not have a choice to choose education which they will get. While students receive an education in a variety of ways, they find the most effective method of education for themselves. Which lead numerous opinions and debate with the different methods of education. Although there are advantages and disadvantages of each method, people conclude the liberal education is the most efficient way toRead MorePedagogy Of The Oppressed By Paulo Freire930 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed,† Paulo Freire tells of the complex relationships that contrast narrative versus instructive teachers and compliant versus existentially aware students, in regards to the various methods of instructing and acquiring knowledge. Although this reading is only a particular excerpt from Chapter 2 of Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Freire does an exceptional job by capturing the immense reality of certain educational methods. He explains the â€Å"banking† system of teaching, whichRead MoreFreire, The, And Psychology Of Language1517 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Paulo Freire was born in Recife, Brazil in 1921. He became familiar with grief, suffering; poverty, and hunger during the Great Depression. His social life consisted of playing stickball or a pickup game of football with less privileged children. He learned a lot from those childhood experiences, which later contributed to his overwhelming concern for the less privileged. As a result, Freire constructed an educational viewpoint, which focused on aiding the illiterate. EducationalRead MoreCesar Freire s Pedagogy Of The Oppressed1084 Words   |  5 PagesPaulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed presents two distinct educational methods and asserts that problem-posing education, rather than the banking method, is what is necessary for humanity. This particular excerpt of Pedagogy of the Oppressed encapsulates a vast scope of education. It begins with an exposition, revealing what exactly banking method is, followed by the explanation of problem-posing education. Throughout the duration of the chapter, Freire passionately presents his ideals aboutRead MoreCritical Pedagogy And The Reggio Emilia1533 Words   |  7 PagesCritical pedagogy and The Reggio Emilia approach on play based learning should be merged into early childhood education as obtaining the skills to critically analyze and problem solve has the potential to change society and thus the potential to change the world. It is important individuals become aware of what critical pedagogy is. Critical pedagogy stems from the idea that there is an unequal social structure in our society which is based upon class, race and gender. It has been formulated andRead MoreCompare and Contrast1054 Words   |  5 PagesIMImportant Scholars of Education: The Work of Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman Alana L. Jackson Northcentral University Author Note Alana L. Jackson, Department of Education, Northcentral University Abstract This article discusses the contributions of the amazing scholars Paul Freire and William W. B. Brickman and how their theories on education impacted their philosophies on improving education in their time. Friere believed the, â€Å"Banking† concept of education was the best theory toRead MorePedagogy Of The Oppressed, Joel Spring And Jane Martin s The Educated Person Perspectives1044 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is referred as the profusion of knowledge that is acquired by an individual when or after studying specific subject matters or having an experience in life lessons that provides and understanding of a certain concept. It requires instructions from composed literature or an individual. Most familiar forms of education result from several years of schooling that integrates studies of various subjects. Education provides learners with knowledge about the globe. It enables the learners to acquireRead MoreBanking Concept of Education Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesBanki ng Concept of Education Philosopher and educator Paulo Freire once said, â€Å"Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world.† In Freire’s work of â€Å"the Banking Concept of Concept†, he describesRead MoreShould The Current Education System Be Abolished? Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent education system be abolished? That is what some philosophers and journalist are trying to answer. Over time, new systems of teaching students have developed. Primarily in college freshman English classes, students and teachers are discovering that there are more complex ways of learning. These methods of teaching and learning are known as pedagogies. The word pedagogy is referred to as t he conduct that deals with the theory of education and what is the best way to teach. Pedagogies are supposed

School Crime And Violence Free Essays

Crime and violence in schools are issues that are of significant public concern, especially after the series of tragic school shootings recently. The schools have exercised care in making the students safe but many schools are now facing serious problems so that effective strategies can be devised to prevent school violence and increase school safety. (Small and Tetrick). We will write a custom essay sample on School Crime And Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now The terms â€Å"school violence† and â€Å"school safety,† are still terms that need to be commonly defined. The authors maintain that â€Å"Multiple approaches can prove beneficial as each discipline brings to bear the full force of its knowledge and experience, but they complicate the task of summarizing the state of school violence. For instance, should school violence be considered a subset of youth violence? †(Small and Tetrick). Most of the violence in schools are involved in gangs. A gang is a group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity. Gangs give members companionship, guidance, excitement and identity. When a member needs something, the others come to the rescue and provide protection. Gangs members have significantly lower levels of self-esteem compared to their non-gang peers. They also could name fewer adult role models than did their non-gang ,peers. It is no doubt that America has become a violent society. Television programs alone show gruesome murders and violence as if they are normal incidences in our lives. It is said that children learn to imitate the violence that they see on television. These take root in a lot of issues, foremost of which is on gun control. The positive effects of the strict enforcement of gun laws are readily seen. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Some say this is one big reason why there is a need to advocate gun control. Once people realize that there is a direct correlation between the increases in violence as correlated with gun possession, they would also be against gun violence in society. However, opinions are at odds with regards to the issue of gun control. Remarkably, both advocates and opponents of gun control policies in the United States use statistics to back up their stance. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that: According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), in 2003, 449,150 victims of violent crimes stated that they faced an offender with a firearm. Incidents involving a firearm represented 7% of the 4. 9 million violent crimes of rape and sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault. The FBI’s Crime in the United States estimated that 67% of the 16,503 murders in 2003 were committed with firearms. â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights). Advocates of gun control directly use statistics such as this to assert that the increase in violence is positively correlated with gun possession. Organizations such as the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and other proponents of gun rights oppose such view. Alexander, for one, insists that such arguments contradict factual studies. He contradicts the correlation, saying that â€Å"cities with the most restrictive gun laws, like Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta, Georgia, in fact, have the highest murder rates in the nation. At the center of the gun control issue is the Second Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. † Arguments usually focus on the interpretation of the law. The Second Amendment is the main banner of gun rights activists. Gun control advocates, on the other hand, feel that gun control opponents misinterpret the law when they assume that it means absolute right to ownership of guns by private individuals (Krouse). They assert that the Second Amendment only refers to gun ownership in situation of â€Å"militia† and not for general purposes. Gun control supporters feel that gun possession by just anybody is a contributing cause of increased incidence of crimes in the United States. In Guns and Terror, Berger and Henigan present studies to support their statement that â€Å"Gun shows are a breeding ground for gun sales to terrorist [and that] nothing in federal law prevents terrorists from quickly amassing arsenals of weapons† (4). Opponents to the gun control movement also believe that there is not enough factual evidence to the other side’s claim that banning the sale of some kinds of guns result to lower crime rates (â€Å"Gun Control vs. Gun Rights†). Alexander accuses gun control groups of ‘demagogue-ing’ the issue and maintains that the root of the problem is culture, and not the gun. He even notes that â€Å"many of the problems in question are the result of Leftist doctrines. † The Brady Campaign believes that stricter rules on gun ownership will result in communities with minimal crimes since they correlate guns with most crimes committed. Proponents of gun control also base this belief on what they see as positive effects of enforcement of gun laws. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that â€Å"background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. † Gun rights proponents maintain that stricter rules could actually cause crime rates to rise as criminals only tend to go places with stricter gun rules. Alexander quotes Thomas Sowell as saying, â€Å"Most criminals aren’t that stupid; they tend to go where the guns aren’t. †(Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). Proponents of gun control continue to push for the passage of new laws and/or amendments to existing laws to restrict gun ownership. For one, they are lobbying for legislation covering what they refer to as loopholes, specifically in issues such as juvenile access to firearms, and sales at gun shows and through the Internet (Brady Campaign). Opponents are also continuing efforts to gather support to counter the move of gun control advocates. The NRA is drawing support through massive information drive advocating Second Amendment rights and the protection of Americans’ hunting heritage. The NRA also performs studies and surveys contradicting the position of gun control supporters. In their survey on what Americans think of Right-to-Carry laws, results show that 79% of the voters stood in favor of such laws (National Rifle Association of America). The Brady Campaign notes, â€Å"according to an analysis of the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the percentage of violent crimes committed with firearms has declined dramatically after the Brady Law went into effect. † Supporters of gun control assert the need for more restrictions in gun ownership, especially in the federal level. They call for stricter background checks for people who intend to purchase licensed firearms. Gun rights supporters do not see additional laws and amendments to laws as a solution to increase in crime rates. Alexander writes, â€Å"Gun restrictions have not protected citizens in Atlanta, Washington, D. C. , New York or Boston, much less anyone in Columbine or Red Lake. Nor did such laws protect Jews from Hitler or Stalin or Chinese peasants from Mao, etc. , ad infinitum. † Alexander also advises politicians and gun controllers alike to look at the cultural aspects of the problem and not the instruments. The National Rifle Association of America has opposed every effort by gun control advocates, specially the Brady Campaign group, which they think will encroach on their rights under the Second Amendment. They maintain that gun ownership is their constitutional right and should not be limited to recreational purposes only. The NRA, in fact, is supporting enactment of laws involving Self-Defense and â€Å"freedom† to carry guns (Alexander, Mark 2005). Indeed, the right of law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms for purpose of self-defense has become a hot and controversial topic and one that will continue to be so for a long time. Schools need to protect the children from these gun-toting individuals and avoid another Columbine or Virginia Tech incident. How to cite School Crime And Violence, Papers

The Acquisition Experiences of Kazoil-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse the Case Study "The Acquisition Experiences of Kazoil. Answer: Background to the Problem Post-Soviet era in Central Eurasian countries in 1980 various countries were under political and social turmoil. High amounts of uncertainty prevailed in each of the countries that are a direct consequences of power vacuum. Various population from Kazakhstan left the country and some immigrants came in, the population gradually stabilized with Kazakh and Russian being the official language in the country with people from 120 nationalities(Chen, 2009). Kazakhstan rich in oil and mineral deposits majority of its investments took place in the sector, amongst which a leading company was Kazoil. Though there were multiple opportunities for exploring natural resources in the country there were challenges in regards to poor corporate governance systems, unstable economic environment, lack of transparency in tax and legal systems, weak infrastructure, crime and corruption, government intervention and high bureaucracy. KazOil being located in Kyzyl-Orda was one of the highest contributor of e mployment and development in the local community with Kazakh Ministry of Energy having control over it till 1996. The Company had highly central system of working, outdated business processes and technologies with high respect, authority amongst employees, there was communication challenges between members of the organization, with decisions being in top down approach amongst other challenges. There have been two acquisitions of the Company post the countrys transition from Soviet era. Initially it was sold for USD 120 to Hydrocarbons Ltd. a Canadian Company and in second time the Company sold it to China Petrol in 2005 for USD 4.2 billion. The scope of this report identifies possible causes leading to such repeated sale(Truss, 2012).In the initial phases of sale of KazOil to Hydrocarbons Ltd the Company flourished with rise in production capacities. There was increase in reserves with obtaining of exploration license. However, there was a drop in oil prices in Kazakh market that le d to unviability of exports associated with economic unviability(Young, 2009). The Company aimed to stabilize situation by having export contract with Russia and China. The background of the problem was associated with its external environment as it had stable internal policy. In the contract undertaking had aimed to maintain Kazakh staff for a period of 3 years with focus on cost reductions and redundancy of capital expenditure. the Company offered training to employees and also provided safety measures. The Canadian company offered training in English for employees as well as for their relatives and family members(Becker, 2006). They had open lines of communications, there was a positive spirit associated of employees with that of the Company. The Company had even taken steps to replace expatriate managers by locals such that they could get more confidence and support from employee level. The Company provided a motivated environment to work for with less accidents and a conducive spirit to work for the organization. There were several operational difficulties as well as market volatility Hydrocarbons remained optimistic regarding the Company until it decided to sell the business. With the second acquisition taking place of China Petrol there were a large number of challenges with the Company. As China Petrol entered agreement to construct Sino-Kazakhstan oil pipeline of 3,000 kilometers there were various changes brought about in the Company. China Petrol had transferred 30 managers of the Company and introduced a Chinese team for operations. The Company received resignation of over half of the employees from KazOil(Alvesson, 2009). While Canadian owners had a Westernized style of management with open interaction styles and communication with less intervention, Chinese counterparts shared values similar to those of Soviet structures. the Chinese viewed the Company to be nothing more than a profitable Western unit owning a large number of oil fields and did not view employees as a valuable part. Critical Statement by Parties Analyzing and drawing from various instances of the case pertaining to KAzOil, it can be said that Canadian Company did not at first impend their norms on the existing Company(Klaus, 2014). They took time to adapt to cultures of the country trained and bridged cultural gap with that of employees. Their procedure was seen as a positive approach by the employees as they stood to gain immensely. They also enhanced safety for employees of the organization. The expatriate managers were replaced by local employees hence generating more opportunities for locals. As the Company commented and was agreed by locals that in spite of operational and other challenges they intended to create a positive impact on employees, their family and relatives as well as the community in which they did business(Allen, 2007). The Chinese Company on the other hand replaced local managers with Chinese officials creating an ambience of mistrust. Employees stood to lose at the point when Chinese overtook the organization to undertake its operations. Though Chinese officials commented that they created more insurance and work atmosphere for employees, employees were adverse to the ideas. Employees viewed Chinese organization as to be overpowering them and diluting their opportunities and they felt as functional operators for the Company as against being a part of the same(Armstrong, 2014). Analysis While multiple countries faced challenges as in regards to which model they should adapt, Westernized society of free market, open economy or prevail with traditional systems, Kazakhstan decided to go for Westernized structure. Post Kazakhstan opening up of its market there were a number of FDIs that took place from Canada, USA, UK along with Asian countries as Indonesia, China, Japan and so on. There were a large number of operational challenges along with other inherent challenges of Kazakhstan that employees were not ready to face up to for the organization(Wright, 2009). With broken and non-existent lines of communication between employees and senior managers there are bound to be challenges impended upon the organization. While Canadian Company was handling internal issues and operational challenges well yet due to fall in prices they sold off the Company. Chinese Company after taking over applied various changed procedures and aspects that were difficult to ascertain resulting in high dissatisfaction and low morality amongst employees(Anderson, 2010). Action Plan Chinese in order to motivate employees and regain current foothold needs to adopt proper change management procedure. Chinese companys HR need to intermingle and understand the needs of employees as well as their expectations(Turner Parish, 2008). As employees were accustom to Canadian and Westernized ways of employee handling procedure they were currently against traditional methods. Remuneration based on performance, participation in decision making, both way communication, motivational practices are some steps that they can include as action plan to overcome current situation. Initially in the addressing of employees Chinese managers need to address the employees with dignity and self-respect with identifying their critical roles in the Company(Jimmieson, 2008). Recommendations While KazOil is facing immense number of challenges in regards to attrition rates and employee dissatisfaction, following are some recommendations given in order to overcome the same.. Recommendation 1: Chinese company counterparts needed to mix with Kazakh employees. As Kazakh employees have relatively less trusts and reliance on their Chinese owners this has resulted in high attrition rates and their feeling not being a part of the Company. Recommendation 2: Chinese Company senior stakeholders needs to engage in geocentric approach while handling their Kazakh employees. As they have adopted a bureaucratic approach and the employees have acclimatized with Canadian styles hence a more Westernized approach will yield higher and better results for the Company. Recommendation 3:The Company stakeholders needs to deploy employee engagement practices that can yield results better. such practices will help yield motivation and diverting employees attention to Companys present issues and challenges. Recommendation 4:While operating in an international ambience where there are a large number of FDIs taking place, the company need to adopt more professional approach. The Company can adopt a more centralized decision making approach that can yield higher levels of productivity amongst employees. Evaluation While the Chinese had adopted a more authentic approach and an employee management that are more traditional to Kazakhstan those were not yielding results. The Chinese managers and senior members of the organization had failed to implement and instruct employees such that they can be motivated. Hence, the traditional Chinese measures to function the organization was not effective as it was not fruitful in productivity and in reaching of Company goals and motivational levels. Employees could not take part in decision making process and there were no contribution made by the Company towards individualistic attitudes of employees. Thus, employees could not understand or make any connection with the Company. With lack of opportunities in the present Company head hunters were seeking opportunities to transfer a large number of capable employees to other companies. Thus, from the analysis of the case study and its perspectives it can be evaluated that Canadian Company was extremely success ful in handling of the process of change whereas Chinese Company were equally unsuccessful in carrying over the transition phase. While employees found suitability in Canadian Company, which took opportunities to acclimatize to the culture of the organization prevailing at that time in KazOil, Chinese Company did the reverse. The Chinese Company brought about traditional Asian culture where employees had less role to play in decision making process and there would be more bureaucratic top-down approach in handling employees. Reference Lists Allen, J. J. 2007. Uncertainty during organizational change: Managing perceptions through communication. Journal of change management, 187-210. Alvesson, M. 2009. Critical perspectives on strategic HRM. The Routledge companion to strategic human resource management, 52-67. Anderson, D. a. 2010. Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Armstrong, M. a. 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Becker, B. E. 2006. Strategic human resources management: where do we go from here?. . Journal of management, 898-925. Chen, C. J. 2009. Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of business research, 104-114. Jimmieson, N. L. 2008. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management: An investigation of employee intentions to support organizational change. . The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 237-262. Klaus, C. 2014. Change Management. . Grundlagen und Erfolgsfaktoren. Truss, C. M. 2012. Strategic human resource management. London: Oxford University Press. Turner Parish, J. C. 2008. Want to, need to, ought to: employee commitment to organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 32-52. Wright, . V. 2009. Multilevel issues in IHRM: mean differences, explained variance, and moderated relationships. Handbook of international human resource management, 12(1), 29-40. Young, M. 2009. A meta model of change. . Journal of Organizational Change Management, 524-548.

Namaz Kit free essay sample

Namaz has been made compulsory for Muslims 5 times daily the five times  . Some things which are considered necessary before performing Namaz and also become the cultural norm of Pakistan are jaye namaz (prayer mat), tashbeeh, hijab, topi (prayer cap). Hijab and prayer cap are essential or religious obligation for namaz but prayer mat and tashbeeh are cultural norms of Pakistan. Here we will be discussing all of them in aspect of Pakistan: Jaye namaz The place of prayer is required to be free from dirt, as Muslims prostrate themselves during prayer with their hands, Knees, toes, forehead and nose coming into contact with the ground. To ensure this cleanliness Muslims use a small prayer mat for prayer. Structure/style: A prayer rug is characterized by a niche at one end, representing the place in every mosque, which directs or points the worshipper towards Mecca. The prayer mat is traditionally woven with a rectangular design, made asymmetrical by the niche at the head end. We will write a custom essay sample on Namaz Kit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Within the rectangle one usually finds images of Islamic symbols and architecture. Decorations not only are important but also have a deep sense of value in the design of the prayer rug. When praying, the niche at the top of the mat must be pointed to the Islamic center for prayer, Mecca. In most tribal and village weavings the Jaye namaz is more angular in nature while the formal or city Jaye namaz can be very ornate and flowing in design. In the last 100 years is has become more common to see larger size Jaye namaz woven using the directional prayer rug motifs. Many jaye namaz also show one or more  mosque lamps, a reference to the Verse  in the  Qur’an. Specific  mosques  are sometimes shown; some of the most popular examples include the mosques in Mecca,  Medina, and especially  Jerusalem. Decorations not only play a role in imagery but serve the worshipper as aids to memory. Some of the examples include a comb and pitcher, which is a reminder for Muslims to wash their hands and for men to comb their hair before performing prayer. Another important use for decorations is to aid newly-converted Muslims by stitching decorative hands on the prayer mat where the hands should be placed when performing prayer. The size of jaye namaz are varying but the one mentioned a lot is: â€Å"  Typical prayer rug sizes are approximately 2. 5  ft ? 4  ft (0. 76  m ? 1. 2  m) 4  ft ? 6  ft (1. 2  m ? 1. 8  m). Purpose:-Although prayer mats to kneel on are not compulsory they are way of making sure you are kneeling on a clean space. Any mat will do but mats in Pakistan have geometrical design or pictures of famous mosques. They never have design including living things or representation of God, angels or the prophets. When not in use they are folded up and put away. Th ey not used for walking on as fireside rugs or general room decoration. Types of prayer mats by texture: Leather and wood: Despite from stone leather and wooden pieces are also used for prayer purpose in pakistan minorly. They are also shaped like stone. Leather is sometimes colored or preserved with vegetable oil. Wooden blocks are used for prayer and kept upright to wall after offering prayer. Wooden blocks are also colored. Stone: At the beginning when people didn’t find cloth or any other stuff to ensure cleanliness of their place they fixed a solid stone in the corner of the home. The stone is often 1. 5 meter long and rectangular in shape. Sometimes the front end of the stone crushed to make a pointed end. The stone may be plain or have devotional phrases impressed in its surface or the plain surface stone is discovered or made from big rocks. People cover them either with leaves or anything available to make sure cleanliness. â€Å"These plaques are periodically washed by their owners and, due to their propensity to dissolve, may be reconstituted by them. † If the stone is not solid it can be destructed with time so people usually discover solid stone or rebuild it after some time. Chitai: In pakistan there is trend of offering prayer with in group called jammat behind the imam. chitai or mat rolls are laid on the ground and Muslim stand side by side to offer prayer. These mat rolls are made from grass, date leaves or now a days plastic. Mat rolls are long carpets of rectangular shape with mihrab printed on them. These mihrabs are individually like prayer mat or the jaye namaz but collectively they form a chitai. Some chitai are also made for individual purpose. Wooden beds: Small wooden beds are made for namaz offering purpose. These are same like normal beds. The Prayer stand on the backend of the bed facing back of bed. In Islam when Muslim is offering prayer if somebody passes in front of him his namaz will be considered makruh so small hurdles are placed in front of namazi. To compete this problem these wooden beds were introduced because namazi will be facing the back of the bed and any one can pass easily in front of namazi and no extra hurdle need to be placed. Carpet stuff: Now a day’s most common used for jaye namaz purpose is carpet stuff. Weavers make prayer mats from wool, camel fur, goat hair and silk. They wash and dye the materials, then them for six weeks before weaving. They choose materials for their strength and durability; many prayer mats last several generations. Weavers dye the wool with vegetable pigments from recipes handed down from generation to generation. Weavers decorate prayer mats with geometric designs and small stylized flowers and plants because Islam forbids any idolization. Detailed geometric borders with plain centers are featured in plain prayer mat designs, but many are far more lavish. They feature stylized flower motifs and geometric patterns in borders and forming the mihrab. The mihrab is the place where the Muslim places his head when he is kneeling in prayer. It represents the doorway of the revered sacred mosque in Mecca. Tribes and villagers often make mats famous for their floral designs, and many old prayer mats are valuable collectors items. Hijab If we look at the meaning of the word Hijab in the dictionary we learn that the word means veil, screen, covering or curtain. Hijab literally means â€Å"screen†, â€Å"curtain†, â€Å"partition† and â€Å"concealment. † In the verb form, it means â€Å"to conceal oneself† or â€Å"hide from the view. † In the Shari‘a, it means to cover, conceal or hide oneself from view of those men with whom marriage is or may become permissible. Hijab for both men and women: The Hadith also includes rules for dressing. Both men and women are directed to cover themselves when they are in public areas. For men, following hijab means that the body should be covered at a minimum from the navel to the knees in loose, opaque clothing. Some interpretations of the Hadith suggest that the covering should be longer, from the navel to the ankles. All agree that the modest covering should be worn at all times, including prayer. Types of Hijab: Some Muslims interpret hijab as a minimal covering of the face and body, while others believe that hijab requires a complete securement of the entire body in opaque garments. More strict interpretations of hijab include an understanding that the face should be covered as well. Square scarf: The most commonly worn is a square scarf that covers the head and neck but leaves the face clear. Al-Amira: The al-amira is a two piece veil. It consists of a close fitting cap and an accompanying scarf. Shayla: The shayla is a long, rectangular scarf. It is wrapped around the head and tucked or pinned in place. Khimar: The Khimar is a cap-like veil that hangs down to just down the waist. It covers the hairs, neck and shoulders completely, but leaves the face clear. Chador: The chador is a full body cloak. It is often accompanied by a smaller headscarf underneath. Chador is mostly viewed in rural areas of balochistan and Punjab. Nikab: The Nikab is a veil for the face that leaves the area around the eyes clear. It is the most common type of hijab practiced in Pakistan. Burqa: The Burqa is the most concealing of all Islamic veils. It covers entire face and the body. Burqa is practiced mostly in kpk. Tasbeeh Tasbeeh? in its literary meaning is Glorification?. The Holy Qur? aan says, â€Å"Whatever is in the heavens and the earth glorifies Allah S. W. T. † I would like to share some knowledge in regard to realities of Tasbeeh. In order to understand the origins, significance, and importance of Tasbeeh e Fatima (S. A). Tasbeeh  ( ) is a form of  dhikr  that involves the repetitive utterances of short sentences glorifying  God, in  Islam. To keep track of counting either the  phalanges  of the right hand or a  misbaha  is used. The tasbih is similar to the  prayer rope  of the  Eastern Church  and the  rosary  in the  Roman Catholic Church. It is stated that one who recites this Tasbeeh after Namaaz gets the Sawaab of one thousand Rak? at. Imaam Ja? afer Saadiq A. S. aid that whoever is punctual in reciting this Tasbeeh shall never become one amongst the unfortunates. Tasbeeh is taken as reciting God’s name on beads. It’s also called Tasbeeh Fatima(Ra), since there is a hadees that he advised her so. People normally use a 100 bead Tasbeeh, but some use a 1000 one. Some do on millions of seeds or grain. They keep uttering some Arabic words without knowing the mean ing, lips moving and fingers on beads and think it is a great obedience. It’s not only Muslims, other religions also have adopted this practice, or vice versa. . But Tasbeeh means to perform as ordered or to obey God. Everything, living or material is doing tasbeeh, means doing their assigned jobs. â€Å"Tasbeeh  of Allah ( ? )  is to declare His perfection and to glorify Him  by removing any fault, deficiency, weakness or similarity to creation  from Him. † â€Å"Whatever is in the heavens and earth exalts Allah , and He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. † [Al-Quran-Surat Al-Hadid  (The Iron):01]  Ã¢â‚¬ . Structure and Style: Tasbih are most commonly made of various stones or wooden  bead, but also of olive seeds, ivory, amber, pearls or plastic. Stone beads (mineral and animal based) are made of; carnelian, amber, tortoiseshell, glass, meerschaum, ivory, pearl, coral, coconut, pebble, mother of-pearl, jade, rhino horn, etc. whereas wooden beads are made of; ebony, agalloch, rosewood, olive wood, etc. Besides 99 beads, tasbih also consists of: the nisane, a disc which separates each 33 beads, the pul, a small bead that marks the seventh position, the tassel, which is a long piece marking the beginning of the string, and the tepelik at the top of the tassel. In 33 bead tasbih, nisane separates 11 beads and there is no pul. . Method of Tasbeeh: Two methods of keeping count of Tasbeeh are generally employed. They are: 1) Tasbeeh or Rosary 2) Joints of the fingers Canonical form Tasbih of Fatima: 1. SubhanAllah  ( ) (Glory be to  Allah) – repeated 33 times. 2. Alhamdulillah  ( ) (Praise be to  Allah) – repeated 33 times. 3. Allahuakbar  ( ) (Allah  is the Greatest) – repeated 34 times. 4. †Å"Laa Ilaaha Illallaah† once. †. Benefits of Tasbih: There are many benefits of a taseeh, if one seriously recites it, it will give incredible outcomes both in this world and the hereafter. Some of the advantages of tasbeeh e Fatima includes increase in sustenance, deliverance from misfortunes, forgiveness of one’s sins, one becomes worthy of paradise, protection from tragedies and one receives gift from the angels. One should recite this tasbeeh after every prayer and before going to sleep. One can also recite a tasbeeh of astaghfirullah to seek forgiveness from the Lord. It is highly recommended to recite the tasbeeh of seeking forgiveness from Allah. Some common ways of remembering Allah after prayers is also highly recommended. Authentic Hades states that one who is regular reciter of this tasbeeh shall be considered the one who has remembered Allah S. W. T. the most. Imam Muhammad Baqir A. S. said that Whoever recites this Tasbeeh and at the end beseeches Allah S. W. T. for forgiveness he shall be surely forgiven. Numerically there are only one hundred holy words but in the scale of Deeds it will be considered to be one thousand. This Tasbeeh-e-Fatima Zahra S. A. keeps Shaytaan away from us and makes our Creator to be pleased with us. Imaam Ja? afer Saadiq A. S. aid that whoever recites this Tasbeeh after Wajib Namaaz his/her sins shall be forgiven even Before he/she steps out of the place of prayers and shall be rewarded Jannat. He also said it to be better than a thousand Rak at prayers. Namaz is like a beautiful flower while Tasbeeh-e-Fatima S. A. is a fragrance to that flower†. Critical Analysis Is namaz kit necessary for Namaz? Not necessarily jaye namaz and tashbeeh â€Å"The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said in hadith that all place of prayer for him and his people may pray anywhere they find themselves at times of prayer†. Prayer rugs are not universally used by Muslims, nor specifically required in Islam. But they have become a traditional way for many Pakistanis to ensure the cleanliness of their place of prayer, and to create an isolated space to concentrate in prayer. Same for tashbeeh which is also not necessary for performing namaz but become a traditional part of Pakistani culture to perform tashbeeh. Apart from jaye namaz and tashbeeh hijab is necessary obligation to perform because namaz and here we are taking hijab for covering face and all body except hand, feet and face. It is also necessary to fold jaye namaz in proper manner that the head side of jaye namaz never come on foot side if it do it is considered a disrespectful thing, Many muftis are saying don’t read namaz on the jaye namaz with khana kabha or masjid print on it, better hang that on wall as decoration and read namaz on plain jay e namaz, because years gone people read namaz on the jay e namaz got khana kabha on it so it’s difficult to tell all the only way is if they don’t print them, they can make and sell wall hanging more wide and the jaye namaz simple. The reason the Ulema have said you shouldnt pray on a jay namaz with a masjid on it is on the basis of respect. You can read on it however you must make sure that your feet don’t be placed on top of the masjid otherwise you will get gunnah. same case is with tashbeeh and hijab don’t make tashbeeh and hijab with printed scared palces because can often break and beads of it may roll in our feet and we will earn gunnah. Hijab also have restriction because the girl wearing hijab may torn,lose or wear that printed hijab in uncleanliness time. There has been much debate over hijab in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. Some critics feel that hijab is very restrictive for women, while some Muslim women say they actually feel more comfortable in hijab. Does Islamic dress imply that women are submissive or inferior to men? Modest clothing is worn in obedience to our Creator and has nothing to do with submission to men. Hijab is actually the purity of human being and the soul as well. In Quran, Allah says: â€Å" And when you ask them( the Prophet’s wives) for anything you want, ask them from behind a screen, that is purer for your hearts and their hearts. † Quran (33:53) Hijab is reffered as a shield according to one hadith. The Prophet (S. A. W. W. ) says: â€Å" Allah , most high, He loves Haya and sittr†(Abu Dawod, An-Nissaee) At another time, The Prophet (S. A. W. W. ) says: Each religion has morality and the morality of islam is Haya† (Imam Maalik) Some women argue that modesty is a state of mind and has nothing to do with clothing. When talking about modesty we should talk about the purpose of clothing. Modesty is also humility. A modest woman is a humble woman and in a way our clothes should reflect that. When I want respect I act like I deserve that respect and I dress like it too. Dressing for pleasure of Almighty Allah. What is written in the Qur’an and in hadiths cannot be deniedthat Muslim women must cover up. Woman, as taught by Islam since the light of Prophethood, is a precious and most valuable treasure of this world. She is to be protected, honoured and valued. Like a precious stone, her beauty should be respected, hidden in security and safety so as not to be abused by unworthy eyes. Hijab is empowerment for the Muslim woman. It is her right to preserve her modesty, to guard herself from the corruption of society. The veil or Hijab is that distinctive symbol which identifies her as a woman of God; humble, modest.. When discussing Hijab, the question often arises; why is emphasis for covering up placed upon the women instead of the men? Firstly, it should be noted that men definitely have a degree of Hijab to observe. In addition to modest clothing and following the ways of the noble Sunnah, men must also lower their gaze and protect themselves from their desires in regards to women. This is commanded upon them in the Qur’anic verse: â€Å"Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty: that will make for greater purity for them. And Allah is well acquainted with all that they do. [Qur’an 24:30] The first glance is allowed however the second glance is not. This means that a man may look once but he should then turn away: The Beloved Messenger of Allah said to his cousin Sayyidina Ali,â€Å"O Ali, do not follow a glance with another, for you will be forgiven for the first, but not for the second. †[Tirmidhi, Hadith no. 2701] Men must lowe r their gaze and avoid looking at women at all times, except for sound and legitimate purposes, namely testimony, medical treatment, proposing marriage, buying a slave girl, buying and selling, etc. In these cases it is permitted to look only as much as is necessary and no more. And Allah knows best. Y tashbeeh is important to held person can recite tashbeeh without tashbeeh? The most obvious reason is remembrance. When person are sitting alone or in gathering they kept on randomly thinking or gossiping respectively but if they are holding a tashbeeh they might use it in a productive way. Conclusion People of Pakistan respect namaz kit as sacred thing an place them on clean or high place. They are not just considered to perform their primary obligation instead they are considered itself as a part of the obligation which is not necessary. They also wash them carefully and separately. It is disrespectful for one to place a namaz kit in a dirty location or throw them around in a disrespectful manner. Manufacturing namaz kit is important industry in pakistan and pakistan also export namaz kit to other muslim countries including Saudi Arabia. Pakistani also buy jaye namaz, tashbeeh and hijab from Saudi Arabia when they go there to perform Hajj or Umra. They use these by their own and also gift to their relatives. The Hijab is a protection and for of purity for both genders and is ruled according to the nature of each. Since woman is made naturally soft-hearted, modest and humble, she is asked to cover up and protect herself; and since man is created weak, he is taught to exercise self-restraint. If both genders fulfil their individual duties, their faith is protected and their purity is preserved. Women should not be the moon which everyone sees uncovered, but women should be the sun which makes everyone eyes bow down before seeing it. Let not the opinions of man interfere with the directions given to you by Allah. Precious things are always kept covered for their protection muslimahs are the pearls of this ummah and that’s why we’ve been gifted hijab Bibliography 1. Voice of System  By Ahmed Hulusi page no 18 publishing year 1999 published by Kitsan, Istanbul,Turkey 2. Pakistan Kit by Cornell University South Asia Program page no 40 3. http://www. prayerrugs. com/ accessed on 7th May, 2013 4. Islam by Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood page no 56 publishing year 1995 publishing house Maetu cromo Spain 5. http://www. tradekey. com. pk/prayer-mats. htm acessed on 4th May ,2013 6. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose, David Rose page no 68 publishing year2003 published by Folens Limited,Itlay 7. ttp://www. ignitumtoday. com/2012/06/06/lets-have-a-talk/, access date: 16th May,2013 8. http://baharemadinah. com/basics-of-religion/128-modesty-and-the-hijab, access date: 16th May,2013 9. Muhammad ismail memon madani (September 28th 1996), hijab The Islamic Commandments of Hijab, access date: 17th May,2013 10. Abdul Aziz Addwesh , The hijab of muslim women [ PDF document], Retrieved http://www. sunniport. com/masabih/showthread. php? t=78 83 11. from: http://www. sultan. org/books/hijab. pdf , access date: 19th May,2013 12. Abu Awwad (oct,2007) , The Hijab [ PPT document], Retrieved from: http://www. slideshare. net/moh12/the-hijab-why, access date: 6th May,2013 13. David Ripley (2010), Headscarves [ PPT document], Retrieved from: http://www. slideshare. net , access date: 10th May,2013 14. http://www. sunniforum. com/forum/showthread. php? 12573-Tasbih-for-Fatima-Az-Zahra-(ra) ,access date: 16th May,2013 15. http://www. 123muslim. com/hadith/5773-collection-various-forms-dhikr-tasbih-sunnah. html 16. Mufti Muhammad Faiz Ahmed Owaisi Damat Barkat-u-hum-Aalia,tasbeeh ki raye, Retrieved from: http://www. ultan. org/books/hijab. pdf , access date: 25th March,2013 17. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose Retrieved from: http://www. sultan. org/books/hijab. pdf , access date: 17th March,2013 [ 1 ]. Voice of System  By Ahmed Hulusi [ 2 ]. Pakistan Kit by Cornell University South Asia Program [ 3 ]. http://www. prayerrugs. com/ [ 4 ]. http://www. loupiote. com/photos/3728069433. shtml [ 5 ]. Islam by Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood [ 6 ]. http://www. tradekey. com. pk/prayer-mats. htm [ 7 ]. Al Mawrid:- A Modern Arabic English Dictionary, 1992 p. 453 [ 8 ]. David Ripley (2010), Headscarves [ PPT document], Retrieved from: http://www. slideshare. net [ 9 ]. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose [ 10 ]. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose [ 11 ]. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose [ 12 ]. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose [ 13 ]. Photopack Artefacts for Worship By Gill Rose [ 14 ]. http://www. ignitumtoday. com/2012/06/06/lets-have-a-talk/ [ 15 ]. http://baharemadinah. com/basics-of-religion/128-modesty-and-the-hijab

Author Interviews How to Appear on Podcasts for Book Promotion

Author Interviews How to Appear on Podcasts for Book Promotion Author Interviews: How to Land Appearances on Podcasts for Book Promotion Author interviews via podcast appearances are one of the best ways to build authority and reach targeted audiences of ideal readers, as well as promote your book.Best of all, once you’ve appeared on a podcast, you’ll be able to use your interview as proof of your expertise and experience when you pitch to other podcasts.This is especially beneficial if you self-published a book since you dont have the support of a big publishing house- youre doing all the book marketing on your own!And this is a powerful way to spread the word about all the good your book can do.Heres how to land author interviews:Do your researchRate and review the podcastFeature the podcast hostsTailor your pitchOffer ideas related to your bookLeverage common connections you haveSend samples of previous author interviewsCreate a one-sheetDeliver value firstNOTE: If youre ready to turn being an author into a real career, check out our Sell More Books Program where we teach you how to build sustainable income with book sales. Learn more about it hereWhy do you need author interviews?Author interviews are beneficial for authors to spread the word about themselves as an author as well as their new and previous books.Think about author interviews the same as celebrity interviews when they have movies or TV shows premiering.Heres how author interviews can benefit you:You will reach a new audienceYour audience will be more receptiveYou market yourself as an authorYou market your newest book launchYou can market any previous books you haveYou will gain a larger social platformYou will sell more booksOverall, author interviews can only help you in your quest to become a full-time author by offering you book marketing opportunities.Check out this example of how beneficial an author interview of our very own Student Success Coach, Lise Cartwright, can be below. Its available both on our Youtube channel and Podcast. With over 8700 views on Youtube and many listens on the podcast, this inter view certainly helped maintain her passive income through books.How to Get Author Interviews on PodcastsBelow, you’ll discover 9 simple strategies to stand out in the eyes of podcasters and land author interviews on their shows.#1 Do your researchFirst of all, listen to the show before reaching out to podcast hosts. Podcasters are often approached by an author who sends generic emails proclaiming â€Å"I love your show,† and then ask to become a guest to promote their book.Other times, they’re approached with specific pitch letters, but the fit isn’t right.The reason for the mismatch usually is that the author who is pitching hasn’t listened to the show.If it feels like a chore to listen to the podcast, that’s a sign that you might be better off reaching out to a different podcast host.After all, you want to find podcasts that are in your niche, which usually happens to be those you listen to anyways.Here are a few things to ask yourself wh en you want to reach out to a podcast for an interview:Do you listen to them on your own?Do you resonate with their core message/theme?Are you involved in their community on a regular basis?Would you be proud to be a featured guest on their podcast?Are you a fan of past featured guests?Answering these positively will help you determine which podcasts to reach out to. Without doing the proper research, you could wind up upsetting the hosts and burning those bridges.#2 Rate and review the showOnce you’ve listened to a show, subscribe to it on iTunes. Then, rate and review, too.Ratings, reviews, and subscriptions help the podcast’s ranking. Most importantly, reviews are a powerful form of social proof that will encourage new people to listen.Mention the review when you submit your pitch. For example, you could write, â€Å"Listening to John Doe’s description of his struggle to grow his business in spite of his terminal disease was truly inspiring. Now, when thing s get tough, that message keeps me going. That’s why it was such a pleasure to write a 5-star review of your show on iTunes.†Your message will bring awareness to what you’ve done to support the show, greatly increasing your chances of landing a guest spot.#3 Feature the podcast hostsIf you currently have a podcast or YouTube channel, invite the host to be featured as a guest.By being on your show, the podcasters will learn about your background, and most importantly, about your book. In many cases, they’ll be compelled to invite you as a guest.Even if the podcast hosts don’t ask you to be on their show, they’re still much more likely to say yes when you ask them. Also, I send a copy of my book to my podcast guests, who in many cases write a review of the book on Amazon and then offer to have me on their show.If you dont have a podcast, then feature them on your social media or website.You could also write a blog post about the main lessons l earned from the show, and tag the host on social media when the article is published. Be cautious when applying this strategy, however.A subpar article, a half-hearted effort to capture what’s valuable about the show, or overblown praise will probably backfire.#4 Tailor your pitch to the host’s story and the mission of the showWhen I first pitched my ideas to Dave Lukas, host of the Misfit Entrepreneur Podcast, I mentioned how much I loved that he’d created the show as a legacy for his daughter.When he learned that I related to and understood his mission, it was easy for him to agree to have me on his show.You can do the same. Find out why they do what they do, and if it resonates with you, then center your pitch around that.Here are a few tips for tailoring your pitch to land your author interview:Mention something you learned from their showMake a connection from yourself to the shows mission and themeConnect your books message with their showsDoing this will help you reach podcast hosts much more effectively and show them youre a great fit for their show.#5 Offer three unique ideas related to your bookBefore I submit a pitch, I research the episodes in the past two to three months to see if anyone has explored the topics I have in mind.If my topics are fresh, I submit them. If not, I reposition my expertise with a different angle.My book is about influencer marketing. If I notice that only three weeks prior, another guest talked about influencer marketing as part of a business’s marketing mix, I pitch a different aspect of the topic, such as â€Å"how to build a list of subscribers with influencer marketing,† or â€Å"how to initiate connections with social media influencers to launch your book.†Resist the temptation to speak about a topic that deviates from your book. If you do that, your interview will probably not bring in new book sales.I encourage you to take a moment right now and write down three to five to pic ideas based on the core message in your book, which you can modify depending on the targeted show.#6 Leverage common connections you have with the hostWho do you think has a better chance to get a last-minute appointment with a busy hair stylist: a complete stranger or the friend of a current customer?The same idea applies to landing guest appearances on a podcast. Common connections matter.Often, when I appear on a podcast, the host will offer to introduce me to other podcast hosts who might want to have me as a guest.This is one of the easiest ways to secure future guest appearances.You might not even need a formal introduction. When you pitch, just mention that you know one or more of their previous guests.The idea is to find common ground.#7 Send samples of previous interviewsIn every podcast pitch I submit, I include links to three of my most relevant and significant podcast appearances.Those podcast interviews are relevant because they’re ideal for the audience of the new podcast I’m targeting, and they’re significant because they have reached large audiences.If you haven’t had podcast appearances yet, I encourage you to create audio or video clips with valuable content relevant to your audience that you publish on your site, and use those links as samples for the host.Even though samples of actual podcast interviews are much more powerful, the mere fact that you have a sample of your work will help you stand out among the competition.#8 Create a one-sheetTo save yourself time and effort, and to show your professionalism, I suggest you create a â€Å"one-sheet.†A one-sheet is a document thats a summary of who you are and what you offer as a guest.You could send the link to your one-sheet with your pitch, or use the information within the one-sheet to complete your guest request form or email pitch.Regardless of the situation, having this document readily available will save you time and effort.The main elements o f a one-sheet are: BioHeadshotPotential interview topicsTalking pointsRelevant linksAffiliate linksContact informationHeres an example of my own, personal one-sheet and what all the below information looks like compiled into, well, one sheet.Now lets delve into what each of these sections needs.BioCreate different versions of your bio (50-, 100-, 150-, and 200-word bios) so you’re ready when the podcast host asks you for a specific length. If you’re submitting the entire one-sheet, include the 100-word version of your bio in it.The bio should mention your book (even if you haven’t published it yet), and other credentials as proof of your expertise, along with at least one personal tidbit about yourself.HeadshotIt’s standard for all podcast guests to submit their profile picture before they’re interviewed. Invest in a professional photographer.No selfies, please!Potential interview topicsList no more than seven topics related to your book you could explore as a guest.You can check back to step number 5 if you need to generate some.Talking pointsSome hosts will ask you to provide talking points for the topic you’ll explore. Others favor a free-form style, and will lead the interview as an informal conversation.In either case, you should be prepared to provide talking points within 48 hours of being approved as a guest, though you can double check with the podcast host for specifics about this.Relevant linksInclude links to your main website, your book, your free offer for the listeners, and your primary social media pages.Depending on the host, you might also be asked to provide an affiliate link to a free download or low-ticket offer. In most cases, providing affiliate links isn’t required, but having the ability to create such a link on demand will help you stand out.If you’re submitting the one-sheet, then just write â€Å"Affiliate link for free download available.†Contact informationInclude your email address and phone number.Having your one-sheet ready will allow you to simply copy and paste the information when you complete guest request forms or pitch via email.#9 Always aim to deliver value firstAbove all, remember that your primary goal is to deliver value to your audience, and book sales will be a natural result of that value. If instead you approach the podcasters with the only intention to sell more books, they might simply ignore you.When you submit your pitch, always start what ifs a personalized explanation of why you are a fan of the show and how you can inspire and educate its audience.Then, mention your book as an additional asset listeners may benefit from.Value First!Good luck landing your author interview!After you land your first podcast appearance, itll be much easier for you to land the next. When you least expect it, the word about your book will have spread and you will make a much greater impact with your message.What matters most is that you take a ction and start reaching out to podcast hosts. You- and your book- deserve to be known!Ready to become a successful author?No successful author started from nothing.They had to work hard and earn their place by learning and applying what they learned when writing a book.Heres how you can learn more about how to become a successful author because youll never get there if you dont start today.

Research Paper on Maritime Technology

Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology and Environmental Regulations 1-0: Introduction Two vessels collided on august 1990 near Gibraltar in Spain resulting in a sea disaster and oil spill. Sea Spirit along with the Norwegian gas tanker collided head on causing a spill of about 8000Tons of oil. Oil contamination in the marine spread far, even reaching the Moroccan coast in form of cakes, tar balls, and oil packs. Similar to this disaster is the major oil spill that occurred on July in 1979 near Trinidad and Tobago caused by the Atlantic Empress. The spill allegedly resulted in the largest oil spill of 287,000Metric tons of oil ever to be recorded. The disaster was never totally remedied since during pull away from the scene, the tanker continued to spill an additional substantial amount of oil. Conversely, the Aegean Captain also leaked large amount of oil. Some moments later on, Atlantic Empress sank deeply with its cargo remaining solidified. However, the spill from the two ships never reached the shores of the ocean. 2-0: Similarities 2-1: Similarities in environmental effects In terms of ecological contamination, Both Sea Spirit and Atlantic Empress caused major impacts on sea animal and plant life. Sea birds became highly affected dipping the insulating capacity among such animals. Birds became highly vulnerable to temperature changes and less buoyant in water. The two oil spills contributed to huge impairments and disabilities related to flight in aquatic birds (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). In fact, species found it hard to escape from predators. Research shows that the spillage especially from the Atlantic Empress led to the ingestion of oil by birds and covering on their feathers. This caused kidney damage, digestive system problems, as well as liver functionality among the victimized animals. The two disasters also attracted scientists who wanted to explore the far-reaching effects of oil spill on both human and marine life. Marine scientist realized that the disasters caused metabolic problems and dehydration to birds of the sea. Sea animals with a lot of fur were also affected in related ways as well. Sea spirit oil spill and Atlantic Empress oil disaster caused massive deaths of animals, fish, and birds. 2-2: Global reaction The two incidents caused severe damaging effects on archaeological, highs include shorelines, ports, marine sanctuaries, and natural reserves. Immense losses were also realized in connection to these effects. Tourist and recreational activities were in jeopardy as the major hospitality operations became seriously affected. The two oil spills also share similarity in the manner as evidenced by way of world’s response to the resulting disastrous effects. Many governments raised environmental concerns and documented procedures to curtail the disaster. For instance, in the case of Atlantic Empress, the U.S government played a paramount role in guaranteeing that the disaster was duly controlled to avoid further loss of life on the vulnerable sea creatures. Similarly, in 1990 during the Sea Spirit disaster, the government of Spain became responsible for the spillage and undertook measures to ensure that no more environmental issues were coming up as a result of the spillage (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). Again, the two accidents resulted in the enactment of strict laws governing oil transportation in the sea. For example, during the case of the Atlantic Empress, the U.S government implemented laws to ensure that any ship transporting oil across the sea or ocean must be fully insured. The cover is intended to cover expenses and environmental losses associated with oil spill. Nation states affected by the two oil spills reacted with some degree of apprehension especially on matters of environment. For example, the Atlantic Empress oil spill caused uproar among the affected countries. Both oil spills reached the shoreline of countries that raised an alarm regarding the matter of clean up, avoidance as well as control on the same. 2-3: Clean up strategies Measures employed by the two incidents to clean up the mess were similar. Both incidents used Vacuum and centrifuge process whereby oil is sucked up plus water. Then there is the utilization of appropriate centrifuge to separate water from oil. This technique allows the ship to be virtually filled by pure oil. In this case, water returns to the sea. This process was particularly used in the oil spill of 1979 and equally applied in the Sea Spirit oil spill disaster in early1990. However, there is extremely small quantity of oil that spilt back to the sea. This crisis has restricted the use of centrifuges because U.S regime has prohibited oil by volume that is usually returned to the sea with water. Booms were also used in both incidents to clean up the oil spill. Booms are big floating obstacles that prevent oil by rounding up the oil and separating it from water. Skimmers that skim the oil were also utilized in separating all oils from water in the Atlantic Empress and Sea Spirit inc idents (ITOPFL 2010, para 2). Using of biological agents that break down oil into biodegradable composites has been used expansively in major oil spill. Experts insinuated this as the single safe and most importantly effective approach that is likely to eradicate a considerable amount of oil without posing any dangerous effects to animal, fish, or any aquatic and bird life. For instance, Bioremediation was a widespread attribute in the two accidents. It entails the employment of hydrophobic substance that has no bacteria. The compound binds chemically and physically on soluble hydrocarbon compounds. The Bioremediation compound acts as a herding substance inside, and most importantly on water surface. This results in floating elements on the surface of water plus the soluble substances like phenols which form a gel-like substance. Spraying the oil spill with the compound eliminates the oil molecules in a very short time. Specific bacteria dissolve hydrocarbons into carbon-dioxide and water. Another approach that w as used to contain the spill is control burning. Control burning is typically applied during low windy day as it may spread to other areas causing more damage during windy seasons. The two disasters also forced the experts to use vacuum in eliminating oil from water surfaces and equally in the beaches (ITOPF 2010, para 4). 2-4: Prevention Another striking likeness between the resulting two disasters is the manner in which offshore oil spill was prevented and addressed. Technological evaluation and procedures were employed to guarantee that all strategies as well as measures during training, monitoring, and reliable plans for avoidance and offshore control were met. In the two accidents, response involved technological monitoring of devices along with methods of cleaning up the spill. Other measures included detection, control, averting, as well as restoration of the habitats and natural environments (ITOPF 2010, para 6). In reaction to Atlantic Empress oil spill, the U.S. government used blow out preventer for well drilling. The equipment is effectively employed in offshore wells and contains a bundle of independently operated cutoff processes, thus there is redundancy if any failure occurs. The device is suitable for deep eater horizon. Another prevention mechanism that was seen in the 1990 Sea Spirit accident is the use of the Casing device. This is usually a set of nested metal pipes made of steel and embedded on the ship walls. Both split ends of the apparatus are suspended by a thin adapter in lower end of the casing. If the sole casing or at times the cement fails to work, the oil will continue spilling (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 3-0: Differences 3-1: Volume of spill A remarkable disparity between the two catastrophes is evidenced by the resulting volume of spill. For example, Atlantic Empress resulted in a spill of about 280,000Tons while Sea Spirit reporting enormous 8,000Tons of oil. This further does indicate that the sizes of the two vessels or tankers also varied greatly. Atlantic Empress spilled oil twice in the process of being removed from the sea while the Sea Spirit spilled oil only once. This also translates into a difference in the area covered by the spill. Apparently, the Atlantic Empress oil spill led to the coverage of a huge area while the Sea Spirit just covered a relatively small area. Additionally, the number of all affected species was proportional to the spill. Because the Atlantic Empress oil spill was very huge, it means that the number of species affected was also large (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-2: Effects on tourism activities Atlantic Empress accident had major effects on leisure activities such as tourism. Most of the shores that were used by tourists as areas of recreation became highly polluted and inaccessible due to oil spill. Notwithstanding the attempt by the then regime to control the spread or reach of the alleged spill, the losses incurred were very huge and had enormous negative significance on the economy. Converse to this, the latter catastrophe that occurred in year 1990 had minimal effects on recreational activities because the spread was easily controlled. Ease of control is related to the quantity of the entire spill. It is perceptible that the first spill that happened in 1979 was larger than the one that happened in 1990. Consequently, this is the rationale why the economic effects in terms of tourism became great in the first accident (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-3: Clean up expenses The practice of clearing out was very pricey with outcome of the twin catastrophes resulting to immense impacts on the budgets of the responsible countries. For example, the Atlantic express incident resulted in the loss of millions in U.S. dollars in mitigating the resulting effects. Alternatively, the little quantity of oil that spilled in year 1990 by Sea Spirit consumed less money. This disparity is connected to the alleged volume of the tanker and the consignment in it. The personnel employed to clear-out the spill also showed a remarkable difference. It is obvious that Atlantic Empress employed more people and certified environmentalist to clean up the entire spill, whilst executing other logistical matters (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-4: Shoreline effects Shoreline effects of the two accidents also differed greatly. This is primarily premised on the degree in ease on cleanup procedures for the entire oil spill. The bigger the spill, the larger the shoreline affected and the opposite is also true. The spill that resulted from the Atlantic Empress affected a larger part of the entire seashore and also persisted for an extended duration compared to the effects caused by Sea Spirit. Also, the sensitivity of the shoreline depends on the exposure of the spill. Floating oil makes the shoreline be at certain risks through sealing of the substrate with oil packs. Atlantic Empress oil spill resulted in the casing of the substrate at the very shoreline because of the huge spread. Difference in substrate among the various types of shorelines differed in their reaction to oiling processes. There was also a huge discrepancy on shoreline productivity. For example, all animals living on the shoreline were severely affected by the Atlantic Empress oil spill as opposed to Sea Spirit disaster (NOAA 2010, para 2). 3-5: Global reaction The world reaction to the two oil spills differed greatly with the Atlantic Empress oil spill facing a lot of criticism from other nations (Egawhary 2011, para 2). This is attributed to the volume and the area covered by the spillage. Tough measures were put in place by international community to ensure that the country that owned the consignment became totally answerable and responsible for the spillage. Such policies negatively affected the budget of U.S because a lot of money was used in the cleanup process. Sanctions also became the order of the day by other countries wanting the responsible parties to own up to their actions. The 1990 oil spill resulted in major sanctions being made in Spain’s oil industry. Also, losses became huge with economies of the country affected becoming fragile due to the expenditure. The economy of U.S became badly affected especially by the Atlantic Empress oil spill. Countries that depended on U.S for aid also became involved in the process and supported the country from criticism. There was increase in tension between countries that supported the U.S and those against. In contrary to this, little was heard about Spain in terms of global reaction regarding the 1990 oil spill. The difference comes out clearly here because of the perception that U.S was economically strong and it was suppose to address its problems single handedly (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-6: Prevention and control Main differences linking the two calamities also appear in terms of prevention and control. Atlantic Empress accident that occurred in year 1979 is illustrated by little technological practices in terms of cleanup and prevention. This is because of the poor technological skills that were available by then. Nearly all of the cleaning procedures were manual and took quite longer time to finish. Several devices employed in this particular incident were slow and time consuming. In contrary, the technology at disposal had significantly improved a little bit in 1990 during the resulting spill near Spain by Sea Spirit. The cleanup process of spill from Sea Spirit took a comparatively short time owing to the highly effective devices that were used. Sea Spirit oil spill cleaning process was also faster because the team that worked had much familiarity compared to the clean-up team that controlled the Atlantic Empress oil spill (ITOPF 2010, para 3). 3-7: Environmental effects There is a significant difference in environmental effects of the two accidents. The First accident which happened in 1979 which involved the Atlantic Empress covered a very big area causing massive environmental problem both to human and animal life. Aquatic species such as birds and fish became severely affected and most of them died because of pollution. Most of the terrestrial animals also died in huge numbers because they relied on sea food for their lives. The food chain was interrupted with animals that depended on sea food dying of hunger. Contrary to this, the accident that happened in 1990 had less negative impacts on the environment. This is because the oil spill did not spread over a large area and was also controlled easily (ITOPF 2010, para 5). Sea plants also became badly damaged by the Atlantic empress accident, whereas the 1990 collision had less negative effects on sea plants. Many scientists became attracted to the major incident and they managed to study intensively and came up with conclusions that greatly influenced the way of life of sea creatures. As a result of the first accident, policies were enacted to ensure that oil spillage in future is approached with a lot of caution. This is because of the double spillage that happened during the prevention process. It is clear that the Sea Spirit oil spill was controlled in a more professional way than the first one (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 4-0: Conclusion: Measures To deal With Oil Spills Oil spills are generally harmful to living things. Many sea and terrestrial species die in enormous numbers basically owing to unfortunate outcomes instigated by inevitable oil spills. If measures are not put in place to address this problem, the world risk losing very important species that could have otherwise contributed to biological diversity. From the debate above, it appears that oil spills have far-reaching effects including economic, recreational, and even social problems among the countries involved. Misinterpretation can possibly arise between the countries that are involved in the spill hence likely to result in wars. To reduce oil spills as a result of collision in future, numerous steps and measures need to be put in place. First, the governments should ensure that preventive mechanisms such as the ones mentioned above work well so that the spread is controlled. Oil companies should also endeavor to avail suitable training on tanker’s handler personnel. Incompete nt ship Captains can cause catastrophe that can potentially result in major oil spills. Handling of any oil spill cases in future can equally be addressed through continuous monitoring of ship movement in the sea. Stringent measures must instituted by modern oil firms to ensure that the ships ferrying oil across the sea are monitored by skilled individuals and provide information to captains about other approaching ships that are likely to cause collisions. Technology also plays a vital role in reduction of oil spills resulting from undue collision. Oil corporations should embrace the appropriate technologies that will ultimately lead to the reduction of oil spill cases in the sea during transportation. Such technologies include modern equipment used to detect approaching tankers or even ships that are likely to cause any crash and avoid such collisions. The captains of the tankers should be in a position to clearly see the approaching tankers using the binoculars or any device that can assist in seeing the approaching ship. Also, there should be intergovernmental treat ies that ensure good management and transportation of oil products. This will make sure that no one country is left alone to handle challenges related to oil spill, but rather assisted by the regimes that are deemed capable in terms of technology as well as finance in availing the necessary assistance. You can buy research papers online at . Our custom writing company with writing your research paper on Maritime and Environmental topics. High quality guaranteed!

State Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State Development - Assignment Example State can be and has been the key agent in development The concept of development has been used in different contexts over the course of time. It is often used for positive expressions pertaining to ‘good change’ or ‘progress’. However these two terms in themselves are intricate and need to be thoroughly understood. Refining it further, development may also be availed in the context of being a vision, a historical process of change in society and finally as an intentional process influenced by agencies and government. The aspect of change deliberates that development is a process. Development is a broad terminology and encompasses various subjects and may be used in diverse contexts but here we concentrate our meaning more towards the development of societies and individuals within societies. This process of development is influenced by an amalgamation of both social and political factors. What is more important to understand is that this process of change e ntails a wholesome approach, pertaining to a desirable change that occurs at all levels and is not confined to improvement in one aspect alone. It also goes a step further in that this process is continuous in nature and sustains by regular evaluations and a self-building practice. The smallest unit of this web starts at the level of an individual, while encompassing the society at large, simultaneously. It is individuals that ultimately make up a society. Therefore, change at a large scale is the reflection of change taking place at the smallest of levels. Hence, change in the thought process of an individual, their means of interaction; strategies that they use for making livelihood and their perception of themselves are what form the fundamentals of this change. This brings the fact that development entails both negative as well as positive features. Altogether, what one can at least decipher from this is that development is a product of multiple raw materials and hence can be sp oken of in multiple contexts. When speaking of development and capitalism working together two forms of development must be stressed upon namely; immanent and intentional development. The former states that development is inherently a process of self-building and growth occurring from within, without the influence of any extrinsic factors like policies. The latter, on the other hand involves the influence of policies and state agencies in giving rise to development. If we look at the start of the 19th century we realize that by its beginning capitalism had advanced into being a market society finally culminating into a global process. While when talking of development in the view of state the concept changes into being one that can be measured and analyzed statistically, hence more objectively. Therefore a developed society in this context is one that is modern and industrialized and not just rich in wealth but also one that is becoming economically stronger and striving towards gro wth and improvisation. This entails that GNP per capita is not only high but is always on the rise. This entails a set of characteristics which are mentioned as follows; the use of scientific knowledge, and its application rather than using traditional techniques. Another way of gauging the industrial development is by transition from olden subsistence farming to the commercial production of goods. Third is the evolution from the use of animal and plant power to the application of machines and last is the migration of individuals from villages to urban centers (Smelser 1968, pg126). Hence when we reflect upon the western industrialized countries what we realize is that they have undergone a process of development in their economy coupled with growth. The former includes an improved and augmented capacity and output while the latter implies an increasing GNP or GDP. This results in a higher income per capita. This modernization influences aspects relating to the quality of life by

Gharar in Islamic Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gharar in Islamic Law - Assignment Example Another major contribution of the Islamic banks is that being under supervision of their Shariah Boards they presented a wide range of questions concerning modern business to Shariah Scholars, hence, providing them an opportunity to understand the contemporary business practice and trade but also to evaluate it in the light of Shariah and to find out other alternatives which may be acceptable according to the Islamic principles (Vogel and Samuel, 1998). Islamic Laws Islam is a complete code of life and encompasses everything in life. It influences families as much as international relations and certainly includes all financial matters. It sources are the Quran and the Sunnah and the consensus of the opinion of the great jurists and interpreters of Islamic Law. If none of cited provide guidance on a particular matter then there is qiyas or analogy by which jurists and scholars compare an issue of today with a similar one described in the Quran or Sunnah and draw conclusions from the p rinciples involved (Usmani, 2001). In all mattes of finance, the essence of Islamic law is perhaps based on a verse from the Quran that says â€Å"Do not usurp one another’ possessions†. The object of Islamic finance is to eliminate injustice and exploitation in financial dealings and to create an equitable distribution of wealth by encouraging effort and mutual co operation. It is believed that this, in turn, will increase productivity and goodwill, alleviate economic hostility and inspire all the members of a society with a feeling of having common economic goals (Al-Qardawi, 2001). However, because the law is derived from writings that predate modern life, the interpretations can be difficult. In the finance sector, banks appoint Shariah boards to consider transactions that the bank wishes to engage in and decide whether they meet the Shariah requirements. However, boards in different banks may often come to different conclusions (Obaidullah, 2005). Almost all trans actions entered into by banks are based on legal contracts that conform to local law (or in many cases, English Law) and often add Shariah compliance as an additional requirement. This has not proven to be an easy legal basis for business, although only a few cases have come to the courts, the courts have ruled that only one law can be applied (Ghafoor, 1995). London Rulings Two cases are worth studying a) Islamic Investment Company of Gulf Ltd v Symphony Gems & others (London High Court 13.02.02) b) Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd & others v Shamil Bank of Bahrain EC (Royal Courts of Justice, London 11 & 12 December, 2003) In the later case, the banking expert on Islamic Law and former director, Center of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law on the invitation of the court gave following observations (Usmani, 2001): The precise scope and content of Islamic Law in general, and Islamic banking in particular are marked by a degree of controversy within Islamic world, best exemplified by the fact that the actual practice of Islamic banking differs widely within the Islamic world (Usmani, 2001). In the absence of any agreement on the boundaries of Islamic Banking or indeed on what ought to be the precise ingredients of a Morabaha agreement, it is in practice up to the individual banks to determine the issue. In the absence of any legal prescription as to what does and what does not constitute Islamic banking or finance, most Islamic banks, including those in Bahrain, seek the advice of Islamic Scholars who examine and approve

Evolution of aviation during World War II Essay Example for Free

Evolution of aviation during World War II Essay The year between the two great Wars saw the continuation and expansion of aviation technology. By now, European nations knew the uses of airplanes in war times. Even though disarmament was commanded by the treaty of Versailles, many nations (mostly Europeans) continued to advance their aircraft technology in a lesser or higher degree (Pavelic, 2007, p. 2). Unlike the First World War, there was greater interest in research and advance studies on material science, aerodynamics, engine thermodynamics and fuel technology that favored the extensive use of monoplane and the use of new high powered weapons in fighter planes like cannons and rockets (Mathews, 2001, p. 9). Even though Germany was denied to build an air force by the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless, they continued to conduct covert aeronautical research for secret rearmament plans during the interwar years. Secretly they also bought aircrafts from other countries. It can be said therefore that in spite of being banned to build military aircrafts, Germany was up-to-date in aircraft development. In fact by the time the Pact of Paris (1926) relaxed their restriction on German aviation development, Germany built some of the most advanced aircraft in the world (Pavelic, 2007, p. 2). Increasing the speed and rising at high altitudes had remained the preoccupation of aircraft development in the interwar and Second World War. Altitude was very important to the military because of their mission to intercept and attack invading bombers (Matthews, 2001, p. 9). For conventional type of airplanes, development was geared toward increasing speed and altitude through engine development, particularly the piston engine and turbo jet engine. Britain had design one of the best liquid-cooled aircraft engines, the Rolls Royce Merlin, used in World War II for two heavy bombers, the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricanes (Pavelec, 2007, p. 7). However, the alternative to piston engine, the turbojet engine (engine without propeller) can be considered the greatest achievement in the history of aviation in terms of speed development and solved the problem of jet propulsion during the interwar and the Second World War. It was Germany who led in this development in the person of Dr. Hans von Ohain who completed a flight-worthy turbojet engine for aircraft, commencing the jet age on August 27, 1939. Throughout the war, the race for jet speed was dominated by the Germans and they were the ones who initiated to produce jet aircraft for combat operations. Other countries soon followed suit (although they have their own jet inventions at the same time that the Germans developed it but with less support) in producing turbojet engine. In Britain, it was Frank Whittle who developed a turbojet engine that powered the Gloster Pioneer on May 15, 1941 and the only Allied combat jet aircraft ,Meteor. By the end of the war, airplanes of the Second World War travel in faster speeds than their predecessors, with a record of 606 miles per hour by the British Gloster Meteor IV powered by a turbojet engine (Matthews, 2001, p. 6). Radar was also an innovation in aviation during the Second World War. When the First World War had ended, nations had realized that airplanes, especially those carrying bombs, will pose a threat to their safety. Therefore, radar systems were developed and in the Second World War, they were installed in airplanes to detect enemy aircrafts or ships, or to help in navigation or to accurately locate bombing targets ( Perry, 1988, p. 703). IV. Conclusion It is very obvious that due to the pressing need of the First and Second World War, the history of aviation took a rapid turn. It is at this period that aircrafts changed its role from transport and reconnaissance vehicle to destructive weapons of war when fighter and bomber planes were developed. Airplanes also undergone rapid change in physical appearance from biplanes to monoplanes and from using fabric to full-metal body. During the interwar periods, as aircrafts were already seen as an integral part in war victory, in-depth researches in aerodynamics and thermodynamics and other engineering technology related to flying was undertaken well into the Second World War. Moreover, the quest for greater speed and high altitudes was improved in the Second World War upon the invention of turbo jet engines as an alternative to the piston engines of the First World War.

Evelines Decision in James Joyces Dubliners Essay -- Joyce Dubliners

Eveline's Decision in James Joyce's Dubliners      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the short story, 'Eveline,' James Joyce introduces us to the life of a young woman named Eveline. She has the opportunity to escape with Frank, the man she thinks she loves, to a faraway country in search of a new life.   Instead, she decides to stay in the dreary and gloomy life she already knows.   To understand Eveline's final decision to stay we have to analyze the reasons that prevent Eveline from pursuing a better life. Her fear of the unknown; the fact that she does not know Frank well enough; and the many attachments she has to her home, prompt Eveline to make her decision.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first reason for Eveline to stay is that she is does not have the courage to leave.   She   tries to convince herself that her life is not ? wholly undesirable,? but Joyce reveals how hard and undesirable her life actually is when he tells us that she ?felt herself in danger of   her father's violence.?   She gets ?palpitations? because she is so afraid of her own father.   Although he beats her and treats her badly, she still thinks that ?sometimes he could be very nice,? just because she remembers him making her laugh once, and other time when he took care of her when she was sick.   These good memories about her father look insignificant compared to what she has to do for him.   Eveline also has to support the mistreatments of her abusive father even when she is asking him for money to buy groceries.   Especially on Saturday nights when he is   ?usually fairly bad,? meaning he is drunk.   Eveline alone asks herself   if it is wise to leave.   She thinks that at her home she has ?shelter and food; she had those whom ... ...irl, is protected by her mother. Memories make Eveline feel more emotionally attached to her home. Although her favorite brother, Ernest, is dead, she still cares about Harry.   She has to many duties in the house.   She has to take care of two children, take care of the house, and her abusive father.   All because of the promise she made to her dying mother to ?keep the home together as long as she could.?   The love for her mother is too strong to break that promise.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion Eveline chooses the 'odour of dusty cretonne' over a new, but unknown life because the reasons for staying slightly overwhelm the reasons for leaving.   For this era her decision might seem bizarre or even foolish; but making that decision she does what is logical for that epoch. Works Cited Joyce, James Dubliners, New York:Penguin, 1993

Psychological Basis Of Behavior Essay

Until recently the causes of psychological disorders were not so clearly defined. Then advanced imaging techniques made it possible to see various areas of the brain and pinpoint areas that control behavior. It has been long known that the brain uses chemical messengers called neurotransmitters for signaling during its various processes. Advances in neuromedicine revealed that a lot of neurological and psychological disorders have a basis in imbalances between various neurotransmitters in the brain. Diseases like Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are only a few where administering drugs that controlled levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain could control the disease symptoms and in some cases even provide a cure. Indeed, it was the discovery of these pharmacological agents that led to the discovery of newer agents that could control various neurological disorders by manipulating levels of neurotransmitters. Development of various drugs for schizophrenia was done on the basis of the fact that they had the ability to block dopamine receptors. In addition it was noticed that there was also an increased number of dopamine receptors present in these patients1. Similarly, in patients who suffered form Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) an abnormality in the neurotransmitter serotonin was implicated and it was shown that drug therapy that did not affect 5-HT receptors was ineffective in the treatment of OCD6. Parkinson’s disease like schizophrenia also is due to an abnormality in dopamine levels but in Parkinson’s dopamine levels become depleted4. Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder caused by the depletion of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that is responsible for voluntary movements of the body11. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 1% of the population. Its pathophysiology involves degeneration of substantia nigra. This portion is responsible for movements in the body. Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the causes of the disease and include genetic factors, environmental factors and viruses. Amongst these genetic factors are considered the most important and mutations in various genes have been identified that are linked to Parkinson’s disease. Genes that have been implicated are PINK-1, DJ-1, and LRRK2 and it is thought that in addition to hereditary viruses and toxins are thought to cause theses mutations4. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a fine pin-rolling tremor of the hands, rigidity, bradykinesia, an expressionless face called a mask like face and a parkinsonian gait characterized by small steps and reduced swing of the arms. Additional symptoms may be present and include difficulty in chewing and swallowing, depression, fatigue, dementia, speech problems, constipation, urinary problems and orthostatic hypotension7. Symptoms vary from patient to patient and can also have drastic emotional consequences for the patient. Diagnosis is often difficult as there are no tests available and is usually made on history and examination of the nervous system. Various treatment options are available and are mainly aimed at increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. These include Levodopa, which is a precursor of dopamine and the nerve cells use synthesize dopamine. Other drugs like bromocriptine, apomorphine and pramipexole act by imitating the activity of dopamine4. There is no definitive cure for this disease and the treatment is only symptomatic. Adjuvant therapy may be given to relieve symptoms such as depression. Schizophrenia is another disorder that is caused by an imbalance between dopamine levels. The difference is that high levels of dopamine are found and the disease has mainly psychiatric manifestations. The cause of schizophrenia still remains unknown and this has been hampered largely by the different subtypes of the disease presenting a large variety of symptoms and involving different areas of the brain. It is also a feature of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease9. Schizophrenia is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions in which the patient thinks that his thoughts are being controlled externally and paranoid behavior believing someone is poisoning him, disorders of movement, cognitive dysfunction and emotional symptoms such as lack of interest in surroundings and social withdrawal2. Newer research has suggested that people with schizophrenia may experience an inability to smell certain items suggesting a disorder in the orbitofrontal region of the brain and surprisingly this sensory deficit has also been found in patients with Parkinson’s disease10. Other studies indicate that abnormalities in the amygdalia a region of the brain dealing with psychological processes may cause schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders8. Though the cause is still doubtful it has been seen that schizophrenia runs in families thus suggesting a genetic factor. Environmental factors and trauma during birth have also been suggested as causative factors. In the past agents used to treat schizophrenia like chlorpromazine and haloperidol blocked both D1 and D2 receptors and caused extra pyramidal side effects2. But the newer agents like clozapine have a high affinity for D1 receptors and thus do not cause unwanted extrapyramidal side effects. Other agents that have fewer side effects are risperidone and olanzepine and are very effective in controlling symptoms. All of these agents act by reducing levels of dopamine in the brain thus enabling the control of symptoms. The genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is now widely known. Family history of mental ailments such as schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, are a very strong indication and predisposition to developing schizophrenia. However, complex researches in the pattern of schizophrenic disorders among monozygotic twins have not been able to establish the full authenticity of the claim. The scientists claim that schizophrenia has been associated with the â€Å"shy gene† or 5-HTT gene. Currently, having a schizophrenic geneticity is only the first link; further development is dependant on other factors as well. (Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Many claim that there exists a link between schizophrenia and the environment. This is based on the fact that increased risk of schizophrenia within families cannot be singly attributed to the cause of it alone. The environmental factors that are thought to play an important role in causing schizophrenia include psychosocial, biological and physical factors, which are in effect from birth till maturity. It is now claimed that the interaction of the genetic and the social or environmental factors are very important in the development of disease in schizophrenic patients. (Tsuang, 2001) Many of the environmental effects that come into play do so in preterm and in early childhood. The highest contribution seems to be the state of labor, for example, hypoxia, CNS damage RH incompatibility of the mother and child etc. Also, other prenatal factors may include maternal depression, bereavement and flood and famine. Rubella infections and infections of the CNS are also thought to play a very important role in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. com, 2007)12 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is another psychiatric disorder that has at its cause an imbalance between neurotransmitters. In this case the neurotransmitter is serotonin. The areas of the brain thought to be involved in this disorder are the basal ganglia and the frontal lobe6. People with OCD have obsessional thoughts and t he compulsion to carry out those thoughts repeatedly3. Patients often have an awareness of their abnormal thought patterns and are distressed by them but are unable to control them. Common symptoms are patients exhibiting rituals and having unwanted thoughts and behavior patterns. Patients may have unwanted thoughts of a fear of germs or hurting someone called an obsession and compulsions are the acts of carrying out those obsessional thoughts like repeatedly washing and cleaning or repeatedly counting or checking things over and over again3. Sometimes it manifests in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and depression. It often resolves when these disorders are treated. It has also been seen with diseases like Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea6. This disorder usually starts in adolescence and the patient is usually aware that he has some psychiatric ailment. The etiology is uncertain but Obsessive-compulsive disorder also has a genetic component. Though environmental factors are also a major cause, head trauma has also been implicated in certain cases6. Various treatment options are available including behavioral therapy. Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors act by delaying the uptake of serotonin into the neuron and thus prolonging it’s action. This controls the deficiency of serotonin thought to be involved in causing obsessional symptoms. Drugs that are being used include fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and clomipramine. Drug therapy used to treat other anxiety disorders is not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder since it may not target the 5-HT receptors that are used by serotonin. Adams et al (2005)14 reported an up-regulation of serotonin receptors in caudate nuclei of OCD patients. Administration of SSRI drugs was tested in OCD patients. When untreated patients were compared with healthy normal individuals, it was found that cerebral 5-HT (2A) receptors binding were high in these patients. However, this difference was diminished when SSRI drug was administered to the patients. Different studies have reported that 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are most successful in treatment of OCD (Mansari & Blier, 2006). This suggests serotonin depletion may be a vital cause of this disease. Normally, serotonin is actively involved in moderating flow of messages from orbital frontal cortex to thalamus via caudate nucleus. Various pharmacological studies have suggested 5-HT concentration in OFC is regulated by 5HT2 like receptors. SRI drugs modify 5-HT receptors regulation of serotonin and hence mostly used in treatment of OCD (Mansari & Blier, 2006)15. Delgado and Moreno (1998)16 also reported that these drugs binding potency is related to hallucinogens. Pitterger et al (2006) reported that drugs that reduce elevated glutamate levels in brain might be effective in treatment of OCD. Pitterger et al (2006)17 suggested antiglutamatergic agent riluzole (Rilutek) play vital role in reducing glutamate hyperactivity in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. Conclusion Overall a link has been found among various mental illnesses. This is evident by the fact that obsessive-compulsive disorder may be present in people who already have Schizophrenia or Parkinson’s disease. This overlap suggests that similar areas of the brain are involved in the etiology of these diseases and also that similar neurotransmitters may also be involved. Also interesting is the similarity in the deficiency in the sense of smell in both Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. As research progresses and advanced neuroimaging techniques become available it will become possible to interlink these diseases to one another. Special areas of interest may be the basal ganglia and the amygdalia as they are seen involved in a variety of neurological disorders. Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disease, having a progressive nature. There are certain peculiar signs and symptoms that a Parkinson patient presents with; these include tremor, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia. Etiologically, Parkinson’s disease is found in 1% of the population above 60 years of age. The ratio increases in people above 70 years of age. Although, also found in women, predominantly affects male gender. The role of environment in causing Parkinsonism is worth mentioning. Carbon mono-oxide and manganese, apart from certain pesticides play the major role in causing the disease. Parkinsonism among old aged people is idiopathic, but familial inheritance can be possible. A lot is not known about the role of genetics and inheritance of this disease, but occurrence in younger ages carries a higher probability of familial inheritance. It has been found that schizophrenia and Parkinson disease may share similarity by showing dysfunction of the prefrontal cortical areas of the brain. Also, both these conditions are the result or excess of deficiency of the levels of dopamine, which in turn dictates the treatment plan for such conditions. Similarly, patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease may show the presence of obsessive compulsive disorders, and the severity depends upon the length of the disease progression. The relation between these three conditions presenting in close relation with each other raise many questions about the progress of each disease, and whether treatments of each condition contain treatments for others as well. (Maia, 2003)13